|
Adhesion at adhesives
Adhesion covers the adhesive forces at the contact areas between two different or same materials by means of molecular forces.
AIF
Working group of Industrial Research Associations e.V.
Activation
Plasma process for the treatment of surfaces in order to prepare surfaces for processes such as printing and coating. The activation mainly is used in the case of plastics at which the applying of colours or the coating with metals frequently is not possible with this treatment.
Felt cleaning equipment
Treatment of wool fibers in order to avoid the felting during the washing process.
Aramide fiber
High-temperature resistant, non-flammable, high-strength chemical fiber consisting of aromatic polyamides (brand names: Nomex, Kevlar) with a decomposition temperature of approximately 400 °C. The application of these fibres in splinter protecting waistcoats, safety helmets and amour-plating for vehicles are well-known.
Aspheric correction
Compensation of certain imaging errors of lenses (spherical aberration).
Etching
Material ablation by means of acids (wet chemical etching) or ions or radicals, respectively, from plasma (dry etching). Etching processes play a great part in micro structuring because etching processes ensure the necessary accuracy to gauge the structural sizes to be generated. Wetting behaviour, classification of the repellent or accepting behaviours of surfaces against liquids > hydrophilic, > hydrophobic and > oleophobic).
Coating (plasma)
Capture of a layer by deposition of a previously evaporated substance on a material under the influence of plasma.
Biochip
Geometrically defined arrangement of organic molecules (such as amino acids, proteins) on a small flat piece (size of a fingernail) for use in genetic investigations (DNAChip).
Biocompatibility
Compatibility between materials, used in the medicine, and living organisms. Especially with great importance for implants.
BMBF
Federal Ministry of Education and Research
BMWA
Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology
Fuel cells
Energy conversion system which directly transforms stored chemical energy in electrical power
Chlorine Hercosett process
Wet chemical process for > felt cleaning equipment of wool by means of chlorine and polyaminoamide.
DBD
Dielectric Barrier Discharge or (in german language) dielektrische Barriereentladung. Generation of plasma by means of two metal electrodes at which alternating voltage is applied. An isolating material is attached between both electrodes. Plasma is developed in the region between the electrode and the isolating material due to the discharge at atmospheric pressure.
Diagnostics (plasma)
General term describing measuring methods in order to develop important characteristics of plasma (such as > density of electrons, > temperature of the electrode, > degree of ionisation). Common procedures are: plasma probe (Langmuir probe), optical spectroscopy, -> infrared laser absorption spectroscopy and microwave interferometry.
Diffusion barrier
Layer which prevents the transfer of certain substances from volume into another volume. Example: barrier coatings for plastic beverage bottles in order to prevent the release of carbonic acid from the liquid through the wall of the bottle.
DLC
Diamond-like Carbon or (in german language) diamantähnlicher Kohlenstoff. Carbon coatings which are similar to diamond according to their hardness and surface properties.
Elastomers
Rubber-like substances consisting of widely connected molecules (such as natural rubber and poly urethanes).
Density of electrons
Number of free electrons per unit volume. Specification in electrons per cubic centimetre. One of the most important characteristic values in order to describe a plasma. Other characteristic values are: > temperature of electrons and > degree of ionisation.
Temperature of electrons
Medium kinetic energy of free electrons in a plasma. Specification in Kelvin (K) or elektron-volt (eV).
EUV radiation sources
Sources of light with high intensity in the so-called extreme UV area (wavelength: up to 13 nanometer) for the production (lithography) of > mikrochips.
Fine cleaning (plasma)
Working step fort he cleaning of surfaces. Main application is the removal of organic impurities (oils) and oxides from metal surfaces. Plasmas of O2/Ar, H2O or Ar/H2 are used during the plasma fine cleaning.
Fine vacuum
Range of pressure of approximately a millionth of the atmospheric pressure (10-3 mbar).
Ferroelectric properties
Ferroelectricity is the appearance of a preferential orientation in a material along which the elementary electrical dipoles are aligned. Among other things, this material property is used at ferroelectric ceramics which either can be deformed under the impact of an electrical field or may develop an electric voltage under pressure (pressure sensors).
Superficial shrinkage at the wool
Decrease of the surface area of a wool fabrics due to felting during the washing process (confer > felt cleaning equipment).
FuE, F&E
Research and development
Functionalisation (plasma)
Procedure in order to apply functional chemical groups on a surface. The properties (such as > wetting behaviour) of the attended surface are influenced by means of these chemical groups. In contrast to > activation, the functionalisation prepares specific (selective) reactions at the surface.
Fusion plasma
A > thermal plasma for the generation of energy from the fusion of atoms of hydrogen and deuterium to helium.
Light source for electrical discharge of gases
As well: gas discharge lamp. Source of light in which plasma is generated by means of an electrical current and thus excited to shine. The most common light source for electrical discharges is the so-called fluorescent tube.
Sintered materials
Powdered materials which mostly are warmed up and bonded together under pressure.
Glow discharge
Gas discharge which occurs at low pressure (some thousandths of the atmospheric pressure) and gas temperatures (some hundred Kelvin). Among other things, glow discharges are used in the generation of light > light source for electrical discharges of gases).
Graphite fibres
Fibrous products with a molecular structure similar to the structure of graphite. They have an increased thermal resistance as well as corrosion resistance and tensile strength.
Hot cathode
Source of electrons consisting of a metal wire which is heated up to the glow temperature by means of an electrical voltage (approximately 25 Volt). Thus, electrons are extracted from the metal. Hot cathodes are used in > light sources for electrical discharge of gases as well as in monitor tubes.
HF plasma source
--> Source of plasma which produces plasma by means of a high frequent electromagnetic radiation in a gas at a low pressure. Common frequencies are 13,56 MHz and 2,45 GHz. HF plasma sources practically are used in all areas of plasma technology (such as > coating (plasma), > etching, activation, > functionalisation).
High frequency
Frequency range of an electrical and/or magnetic field between 10 kHz to 300 GHz.
High performance pulse technology
Technology concerning to the generation of very short (milliseconds to nanoseconds) electrical pulses often with an increased power (100 Terawatt). The pulses mainly are used in the processing of materials.
High voltage switch
Devices for switching electric currents at voltages between 50 and 150 kV. The switching is determined by a plasma which is on till to the end of the process as an > electric arc between the electrodes of the switch. These switches also are designated as a > plasma switch.
Maximum pressure compact lamps
Radiation sources using an > electric arc for the generation of light. The > electric arc is on between two electrodes in a glass container at a pressure of 10 to 100 atmospheres. Usually xenon is used as a gas.
Maximum molecular polyethylene
Polymer in which ethylene is linked to chains with a molar mass of up to one million. In the medicine, this material is used for implants.
High temperature fuel cells
> fuels cell working at an operation temperature of 550 -1,000 °C.
Hüls process
Synthesis of acetylene from methane by means of a plasma electric arc. The electric arc is on between two electrodes at a voltage of 7 kV and a performance of 8 MW.
hydrophilic
Greek for ‘water loving’. Hydrophilic surfaces have a good wettability toward water (see > wetting behaviour). This property decides whether a surface can be processed with water soluble varnishes.
hydrophobic
Greek for ‘water avoiding’. Hydrophobic surface enable a pearling of water (see > wetting behaviour).
Inductive coupled HF plasma source
Denotation for a > HF plasma source at which the electromagnetic radiation is coupled to the plasma by means of a coil outside of the plasma reactor. In relation to methods coupling the electric power by means of two electrodes in the plasma, the inductive method has the advantage that there is any abration of the electrodes due to electrons or ion bombardment, respectively.
Infrared laser absorption spectroscopy
Measuring methods for the determination of the composition and temperature of gases and plasmas (see > diagnostics (plasma)).
Inner energy
The amount of energy of a substance which cannot be changed by movement of a substance as a whole. An example is the temperature of the substance, also the medium kinetic energy of its atoms.
In situ diagnostics
The latin term ‘in situ’ stands for ‘at the place’. Respectively, in the case of an in situ diagnostic process a measurement ‘at the place’, i.e. in the process equipment, is performed. Thus, the regulation of a process by means of in situ diagnostics is called in situ control.
lonisation
Procedure, in which electrons are separated either from atoms or molecules or attached to atoms or molecules. Thus, the previously electrically neutral atom or molecule charges positively or negatively
Degree of ionisation
Ratio of the number of ions in a plasma to the sum of neutral atoms or molecules and ions. The degree of ionisation is an important characteristic value of plasmas.
Protective coatings of carbon against wear
Protective coatings consisting of diamond-like carbon (> see DLC) which mechanically reduce the wear of strongly stressed components such as bearings or valve heads in motors.
Colloidal system
Solution, in which a substance very finely is distributed in a solvent. Both the colloid and the solvent can be a solid, liquid or gas.
Corona treatment
Plasma technical procedure according to the principle of > DBD which often is used in order to effect the wetting behaviour of materials.
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation; in german language: Lichtverstärkung durch angeregte Strahlungsaussendung. A LASER is a source of light emitting a very intensive, coloured (monochromatic) light.
Laser spectroscopic measurement
Spectroscopic measurement using a > LASER as a source of light in order to excite atoms and molecules.
LED
Light Emitting Diode; in german language: Leuchtdiode. Electronic constructional unit consisting of semi-conductive inorganic materials emitting monochromatic light.
Electrical arc (plasma)
Special form of a plasma between two electrodes with a sufficient enhanced difference of electric voltage. Electrical arcs are used as sources of light in the technology, at > high voltage switches and at > plasma cutting and plasma-arc welding.
Lumen performance
Characteristic value describing the efficiency of an electric source of light. This is the ratio of the luminous flux (lumen) emitted by a source to the required electric performance (Watt). Light bulbs have an efficiency of approximately 10 Lumen per Watt while > gas discharge light sources have an efficiency of up to 100 Lumen per Watt. At present, the largest lumen performances (120 Lumen per Watt) are attained with HID lamps.
Micro chip
Integrated electronic circuit consisting of semi-conductive materials (mainly silicon). At present, approximately 10 billion transistors are integrated on a micro chip.
Micro structuring
Production of forms with a characteristic length below one millimetre. This procedure mostly is used in microelectronics.
Microwave discharge
Generation of a > plasma in which the electrical energy is coupled into a gas by means of a microwave irradiation.
Medium voltage switch
Switches which are suitable for electrical voltages of 10 - 50 kV. In analogy to > high voltage switches, the switching process is determined by an electric arc. Medium plasma switches belong to > plasma switches.
Monomers
Molecules with a reactive double bond or with functional groups. These molecules may react to long chain molecules (polymers). A frequently used polymer is polyethylene (for example: packaging foils). Ehylene C2H4 is used as a monomer. Ethylene is a gaseous substance obtained from petroleum or natural gas.
Nanofibres
Fibres with a diameter clearly lower than one micron (thousandths of a millimetre). Nanofibres on carbon basis (carbon nanotubes) have an increased rigidity at low weight as well as an increased thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the fibres have an electrical conductivity in the range between metallic and semi-conductive conductivity. Potential fields of utilization of such fibres are sensorics, optics, electronics, and textiles. Nanofibres also are used as a material in automobiles and aeroplanes.
Nanocomposite
Composite material in which at least one component exists in form of particles with a particle size lower than one micron (thousandths millimetre). Nanocomposites are > colloidal systems.
Nanoonion
Special form of so-called carbon nanotubes (> nanotube) in which shells of carbon atoms concentrically enclose themselves like the shells of an onion.
Nanoparticle
Material with a diameter lower than one thousandth of a millimetre. In extreme cases they consist of some hundred atoms of an element. The range of application reaches from composite materials (> nanocomposites) to pharmacy (for example overcoming > blood-brain-barrier).
Nanostructuring
Generation of structures in sub-micrometer range (lower than one thousandth of a millimetre).
Nanotube
Compact arrangement of atoms in a network on a cylindrical area. The so-called carbon nanotubes with a diameter of approximately one nanometre (one thousandth of a micron) and lengths of up to one millimetre are most well-known.
Non-equilibrium plasma
A > plasma in which the temperature of electrons, ions and neutral atoms is not equal. Example: > low temperature plasma.
Low pressure – low temperature lamp
A > gas discharge source of light using > glow discharge for generation of light.
Low temperature plasma
Plasma in which the temperature of the ions and neutral atoms does not exceed a value of some 100 K while the temperature of electrons amounts some 100,000 K. The > glow discharge is a typical example.
Nitridation (plasma)
Diffusion of nitrogen into a metallic material in order to enhance the surface hardness. During plasma nitriding the material is charged electrically negative and put into a plasma of nitrogen. The positively charged nitrogen ions hit on the surfave with high energy and penetrate into the material.
Non wovens
English term for non woven textiles (for example felts, fibre composites, needle felt), collective term for textile composites which can be solidified mechanically or physicochemical.
OLED
Organic light emitting diode, in german language: Organische Leuchtdiode. A > LED in which the semi-conductive material consists of organic compounds.
oleophobic
Greek for "oil avoiding“. Oleophobic surfaces do not adopt oil (see --> wetting behaviour).
Optoelektronics
Subsection of the electronics using the interaction between electrical charge carriers and light particles (photons) in order to generate, convert, process and storage information.
Photovoltaics
Direct conversion of solar energy in electric power by means of solar cells.
Plasma
Physically a partially or fully ionised gas (--> degree of ionisation) containing free charge carriers such as ions, atomic trunks or electrons.
Plasma display
Display in which the image processing pixel are generated by means of a dielectric barriere discharge (> DBD). The three basic colours (red, green, blue) are generated by dyestuffs.
Plasma coating
See > coating (plasma)
Plasma chemistry
Process in which the plasma is used as a material converter. It is differentiated between thermal and non-thermal plasma chemistry. In the case of thermal plasma chemistry, the energy required for the conversion of material is generated by a > thermal plasma (for example > Hüls process). The non-thermal process mainly uses the energy of electrons of a non-thermal plasma (> low temperature plasma).
Plasma chemical process
Chemical processes initiated by a plasma.
Plasma fine purification
See > fine purification (plasma)
plasma catalytic process
Material conversion using a combination of > plasma chemical processes and catalytic reactions.
Plasma – generation of light
See > Light source for electric discharge of gases
Plasma nitriding
See > nitriding (plasma)
plasma – surface - interaction
Effects due to the impact of electrons, ions, excited atoms or molecules as well as radiation of light from a plasma on a surface. Example are the knocking out of surface atoms by means of high-energetic ions (ion atomization) or the attachment of low-energetic ions at a surface (> plasma coating).
Plasma process technology
Applications and processes in which plasma is used as direct working materials. Examples: plasma coating, > plasma cutting and plasma welding, plasma nitriding.
Plasma source
Electro-technical device fort he generation of a plasma. The energy of electromagnetic fields is coupled into a gas in such a manner that the gas is ionized (see > ionisation) and generates a plasma.
Plasma frontier area
Area nearby the walls delimiting a > plasma. In this area, the density of positive and negative charge carriers is not equalized such as in a > plasma.
Plasma switch
See > high voltage switch
Plasma cutting and plasma welding
Method of material processing for separation (cutting) and joining (welding) by means of an > electric arc.
Plasma spraying
Coating procedure in which the powdery coating materials are injected into a plasma jet.
Plasma sterilisation
Procedure for destroying pathogenes. The effect is based on the impact of a > plasma on the surface to be sterilized.
Plasma wall interaction
Special case of > plasma-surface-interaction at which the impacts of plasma at the wall material of a plasma chamber are investigated. These interactions have a special significance in the case of fusion reactors (see > fusion plasma).
Repetition frequency
Frequency with which e.g. a laser pulse is repeated. This term mainly is used if the period of time of a pulse is very small in comparison to the period of time between two pulses.
Smart polymer
Polymeric material which behaves on external influences in a desired manner.
Substrate
Usually a thin single-crystalline disk consisting of a semi-conductive material with a definite crystal orientation. It serves as a support or fundamental structure for the targeted growth of layers. Generally, these are discs consisting of arbitrary materials being used for coating processes.
Technical textiles
Comprehensive term for all textiles which do not belong to clothes or home textiles. These are for example conveyer belts, filter materials, medicine technical fabrics, fabrics as construction units and protective clothing.
Particle kinetics
Investigation of the motional behaviour of particles under internal and external influences.
Thermal plasma
Denotation for a --> plasma which is generated by means of heating up a gas on a temperature of several 1,000 K. Example: > fusion plasma.
Tribological properties
Characteristics of a mechanical component. The tribological properties are important in the load of friction. These are in detail: friction, wear and lubrication.
Process engineering
Application of the scientifically generated chemical and physical findings for industrial utilizations.
Woven
English designation of woven textiles (contrast: > non woven).
Cellulose fibres
Fibres consisting of cellulose, the framework of plants (for example cotton, linen, paper fibres). Cellulose chemically belongs to polysaccharides.
Tensile testing
The tensile testing is a standardized procedure for the evaluation of the tensile strength as well as other characteristic values of the material.
|
